Since the introduction of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) over 100 years ago, focus has been on standardization of allergen extracts, with reliable molecular composition of allergens receiving the highest attention. While adjuvants play a major role in European AIT, they have been less well studied.
In this Position Paper we summarize current unmet needs of adjuvants in AIT citing current evidence. Four adjuvants are used in products marketed in Europe: aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is the most frequently used adjuvant, with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) used less frequently.
Recent studies on humans, and using mouse models, have characterized in part the mechanisms of action of adjuvants on pre-existing immune responses. AIT differs from prophylactic vaccines that provoke immunity to infectious agents, as in allergy the patient is pre-sensitized to the allergen.
The intended mode of action of adjuvants is to simultaneously enhance the immunogenicity of the allergen, while precipitating the allergen at the injection site to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis. Contrasting immune effects are seen with different adjuvants. Aluminium hydroxide initially boosts Th2 responses, while the other adjuvants utilised in AIT redirect the Th2 immune response toward Th1 immunity.
InVivoMAb Human AS Fc Block (Iv0017) |
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| MBS1570042-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | EUR 295 |
InVivoMAb Human AS Fc Block (Iv0017) |
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| MBS1570042-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | EUR 1045 |
Block 16mm For Block Heater - EACH |
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| BLO5016 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 179.55 |
EZ Block |
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| EZB125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 34.71 |
EZ Block |
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| EZB500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 61.72 |
EZ Block |
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| EZB999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 98.99 |
BLOCK ACE |
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| MBS238969-20x4g | MyBiosource | 20x4g | EUR 585 |
TRU Block |
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| MBS316734-100mg | MyBiosource | 100mg | EUR 560 |
TRU Block |
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| MBS316734-5x100mg | MyBiosource | 5x100mg | EUR 2350 |
Soft Block |
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| 24616-1 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1gal | EUR 145 |
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Description: 7732-18-5 |
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Soft Block |
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| 24616-120 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 120ml | EUR 34 |
Soft Block |
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| 24616-500 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 500ml | EUR 63 |
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Description: 7732-18-5 |
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Super Block |
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| AAA125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 19.28 |
Super Block |
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| AAA500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 41.14 |
Super Block |
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| AAA999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 59.14 |
Peroxide Block |
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| ACA015 | ScyTek Laboratories | 15 ml | EUR 13.27 |
Peroxide Block |
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| ACA125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ea. | EUR 20.58 |
Peroxide Block |
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| ACA500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 41.14 |
Peroxide Block |
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| ACA999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 60.43 |
Block, PCR plate, For 1-block dry bath |
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| BCM1412-BSWPCR1 | Bio Basic | 1 pcs, 1 UNIT | EUR 435.84 |
Block 24x0.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital - EACH |
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| BLO2204 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 166.05 |
Block 15x1.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital - EACH |
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| BLO2206 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 166.05 |
Block 4x15ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital - EACH |
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| BLO2210 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 207.9 |
Block 2x50ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital - EACH |
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| BLO2212 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 207.9 |
Biometra TAdvanced Block Module 96 S Silver Block |
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| AJ846-070-271 | Westburg | each | EUR 4512.6 |
Dry Block Heater 1 for a single block - EACH |
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| BLO6014 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1571.4 |
Block, PCR plate, for 2 or 4-block dry bath |
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| BCM1412-BSWPCR2 | Bio Basic | 1 pcs, 1 UNIT | EUR 425.48 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK |
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| MBS238280-100mL | MyBiosource | 100mL | EUR 220 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK |
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| MBS238280-5x100mL | MyBiosource | 5x100mL | EUR 820 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK |
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| MBS238281-500mL | MyBiosource | 500mL | EUR 415 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK |
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| MBS238281-5x500mL | MyBiosource | 5x500mL | EUR 1680 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK |
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| MBS238282-1L | MyBiosource | 1L | EUR 660 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK |
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| MBS238282-5x1L | MyBiosource | 5x1L | EUR 2850 |
Biometra TAdvanced Block Module 96 S Gradient Silver Block |
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| AJ846-070-261 | Westburg | each | EUR 5177.5 |
Biotin Block Kit |
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| B3810-002 | GenDepot | 30ml | EUR 262.8 |
Biotin Block Kit |
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| B3810-005 | GenDepot | 120ml | EUR 489.6 |
Eye Tissue block |
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| 8 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
lung Tissue block |
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| 13 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
skin Tissue block |
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| 21 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
neck Tissue block |
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| 38 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Heater block - EACH |
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| WAT1026 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1536.3 |
Heat Block Lifter |
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| LBC20004 | Westburg | each | EUR 51.78 |
Block Wash Buffer |
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| I044 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 632.4 |
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Description: Block Wash Buffer by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
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BLOCK ACE Reagent |
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| GWB-Q00190 | GenWay Biotech | 20 x 4g | Ask for price |
brain Tissue block |
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| 6 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
colon Tissue block |
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| 7 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
heart Tissue block |
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| 10 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
ovary Tissue block |
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| 15 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
liver Tissue block |
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| 12 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
HiQTM Immuno Block |
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| I3211-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 160.8 |
HiQTM Immuno Block |
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| I3211-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 319.2 |
kidney Tissue block |
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| 11 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
testis Tissue block |
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| 25 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
marrow Tissue block |
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| 3 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
ureter Tissue block |
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| 28 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
Uterus Tissue block |
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| 29 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
Thymus Tissue block |
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| 26 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
spleen Tissue block |
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| 23 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
tonsil Tissue block |
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| 35 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Breast Tissue block |
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| 4 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
oviduct Tissue block |
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| 9 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
bladder Tissue block |
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| 2 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
Stomach Tissue block |
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| 30 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
thyroid Tissue block |
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| 27 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Tonsils Tissue block |
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| 72 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
FlexCycler² block 96G |
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| AJ844-60061-0 | Westburg | each | Ask for price |
pancreas Tissue block |
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| 16 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
prostate Tissue block |
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| 20 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
placenta Tissue block |
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| 19 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 525 |
pituitary Tissue block |
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| 18 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Universal Block Buffer |
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| TBS5013 | Tribioscience | 100 ml | EUR 60 |
cerebellum Tissue block |
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| 5 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
Endometrial Tissue block |
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| 74 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
glioblastoma Tissue block |
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| 93 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 425 |
Osteosarcoma Tissue block |
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| 39 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Neuroblastoma Tissue block |
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| 103 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 425 |
Cholangiocarcinoma Tissue block |
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| 41 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
24 x 0.5mL block |
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| CDBI-24-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
15 x 1.5mL block |
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| CDBI-24-C1 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
15 x 2.0mL block |
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| CDBI-24-C2 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
Block, 54 x 0.5ml |
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| H5000-05 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 350.82 |
Block, 35 x 1.5ml |
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| H5000-15 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 350.82 |
Block, 35 x 2.0ml |
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| H5000-20 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 350.82 |
96 x 0.2mL block |
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| PDBI-CL-96-A | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 220 |
54 x 0.5mL block |
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| PDBI-CL-96-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 190 |
35 x 1.5mL block |
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| PDBI-CL-96-C | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 190 |
35 x 2.0mL block |
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| PDBI-CL-96-D | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 190 |
Block 40x0.2ml or PCR Strips for Flowgen Mini Block Digital - EACH |
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| BLO2202 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 194.4 |
AgriCoat-Block | Non mammalian Protein Coat Block (5X) (100 ml) |
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| AS18-AgriCtBlock-100 | Agrisera AB | 100 ml | EUR 201 |
Purified Mouse Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse AS Fc Block)(2.4G2) |
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| MBS1569797-01mg | MyBiosource | 0.1mg | EUR 340 |
Purified Mouse Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse AS Fc Block)(2.4G2) |
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| MBS1569797-5x01mg | MyBiosource | 5x0.1mg | EUR 1235 |
Block, 24 x 12mm |
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| H5000-12 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 494.19 |
Block, 12 x 15ml |
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| H5000-150 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 494.19 |
Block, 6 x 50ml |
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| H5000-500 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 494.19 |
HiQ Block for IHC |
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| B3077-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 160.8 |
HiQ Block for IHC |
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| B3077-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 315.6 |
Techne Dri Block - EACH |
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| BLO1032 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1125.9 |
pAd/BLOCK-iT-DEST |
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| PVTY00782 | Nova Lifetech | 2ug | EUR 280 |
Block for 20 x 10mm tubes for techne dri -block heaters - EACH |
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| Z381438-1EA | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 221.79 |
Blood vessel Tissue block |
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| 32 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
WSC-2610 MyMini BLOCK |
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| 4002610 | Atto | 1unit | EUR 368.5 |
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Description: Compact sized heat block incubator |
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Mini Cooling Block - EACH |
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| VS10ICB | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 58.05 |
Maxi Cooling Block - EACH |
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| VS20ICB | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 95.85 |
Heater block cover - EACH |
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| WAT1022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 140.4 |
ELISA BSA BLOCK Reagent |
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| GWB-Q00212 | GenWay Biotech | 100 ml | Ask for price |
ELISA BSA BLOCK Reagent |
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| GWB-Q00213 | GenWay Biotech | 500 ml | Ask for price |
ELISA BSA BLOCK Reagent |
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| GWB-Q00214 | GenWay Biotech | 1000 ml | Ask for price |
Neptune Block ELISA Blocking Buffer |
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| MBS258384-100mL | MyBiosource | 100mL | EUR 160 |
Neptune Block ELISA Blocking Buffer |
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| MBS258384-1L | MyBiosource | 1L | EUR 380 |
Neptune Block ELISA Blocking Buffer |
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| MBS258384-500mL | MyBiosource | 500mL | EUR 260 |
Neptune Block ELISA Blocking Buffer |
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| MBS258384-5x1L | MyBiosource | 5x1L | EUR 1595 |
Lung cancer Tissue block |
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| 53 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Skin Cancer Tissue block |
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| 62 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Lung cancer Tissue block |
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| 63 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 485 |
Oral cancer Tissue block |
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| 64 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Lung cancer Tissue block |
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| 66 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Lymph nodes Tissue block |
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| 14 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
spinal cord Tissue block |
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| 22 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Jenway Heated Cell Block |
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| COL3006 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 456 |
Normal colon Tissue block |
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| 88 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 365 |
Deli-Cal Block Solution |
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| 24900-250 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 250g | EUR 60 |
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Description: 7732-18-5 |
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Deli-Cal Block Solution |
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| 24900-500 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 500g | EUR 110 |
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Description: 7732-18-5 |
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Colon Cancer Tissue block |
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| 40 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Eppendorf Tube Block - EACH |
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| BLO5022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 178.2 |
breast cancer Tissue block |
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| 92 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
Thymic cancer Tissue block |
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| 82 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 330 |
Normal breast Tissue block |
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| 89 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 365 |
Kidney cancer Tissue block |
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| 75 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
Adrenal gland Tissue block |
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| 1 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Thymic cancer Tissue block |
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| 44 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
parotid gland Tissue block |
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| 34 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 725 |
Block/Wash 20x Concentrate |
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| F062 | Cygnus Technologies | 50 ml | EUR 234 |
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Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
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Block/Wash 20x Concentrate |
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| F062-100 | Cygnus Technologies | 100 ml | EUR 355.2 |
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Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
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Block/Wash 20X Concentrate |
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| F062-1000 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 493.2 |
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Description: Block/Wash 20X Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
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Block-Free ELISA Reagent |
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| M4102-250 | Biovision | each | EUR 542.4 |
Block-Free ELISA Reagent |
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| M4102-50 | Biovision | each | EUR 176.4 |
Normal stomach Tissue block |
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| 84 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 400 |
ovarian cancer Tissue block |
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| 101 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 625 |
Prostate Cance Tissue block |
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| 67 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
De-Calcify Block Solution |
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| 24903-250 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 250g | EUR 56 |
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Description: 7732-18-5 |
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De-Calcify Block Solution |
|||
| 24903-500 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 500g | EUR 105 |
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Description: 7732-18-5 |
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Stomach Cancer Tissue block |
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| 47 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Ovarian Cancer Tissue block |
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| 42 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Thyroid cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 45 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Ovarian Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 71 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 415 |
OAMA04082-100MG - TRU Block |
|||
| OAMA04082-100MG | Aviva Systems Biology | 0.1g | EUR 499 |
prostate tissue Tissue block |
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| 95 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
prostate cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 97 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 625 |
striated muscle Tissue block |
|||
| 24 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
Paraffin Block Mailer/Holder |
|||
| 25340-25 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1pack | EUR 64 |
Paraffin Block Mailer/Holder |
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| 25340-50 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1pack | EUR 114 |
small intestine Tissue block |
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| 31 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
Cervical Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 46 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostate Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 56 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostate cancer Tissue block |
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| 73 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 465 |
Coating Stabilizer & Block Buf |
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| MBS318402-1L | MyBiosource | 1L | EUR 460 |
Coating Stabilizer & Block Buf |
|||
| MBS318402-5x1L | MyBiosource | 5x1L | EUR 1945 |
Autopsy pancreas Tissue block |
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| 79 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
Microscope Slide Holder Block |
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| 24764-1 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1each | EUR 148 |
Cooling Block PCR WorkStation |
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| LC4001 | GenDepot | Ea | EUR 327.6 |
Microplate Thermal Block - EACH |
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| SHA2086 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1026 |
Testicular Cancer Tissue block |
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| 61 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Pancreatic cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 68 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
Colorectal Cancer Tissue block |
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| 69 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
parathyroid gland Tissue block |
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| 17 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 725 |
peripheral nerves Tissue block |
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| 33 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 725 |
aortic epithelium Tissue block |
|||
| 36 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Pancreatic Cancer Tissue block |
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| 43 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Techne Block Plain Thermometer |
|||
| BLO2122 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 148.05 |
Pancreatic Cancer Tissue block |
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| 80 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 315 |
Normal gallbladder Tissue block |
|||
| 83 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 400 |
venous endothelium Tissue block |
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| 37 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Endometrial cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 70 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Breast fibroadenoma Tissue block |
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| 59 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
Cerebellar paraffin Tissue block |
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| 87 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 425 |
breast fibroadenoma Tissue block |
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| 98 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 625 |
Urothelial carcinoma Tissue block |
|||
| 65 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostatic hyperplasia Tissue block |
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| 58 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
Nasopharyngeal cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 49 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
block, 6 x ɸ 15mm |
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| MICV-0615 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
block, 6 x ɸ 16mm |
|||
| MICV-0616 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
AgriCoat-Block | Non mammalian Protein Coat Block (5X) (10 ml) |
|||
| AS18-AgriCtBlock-10 | Agrisera AB | 10 ml | EUR 13 |
AgriCoat-Block | Non mammalian Protein Coat Block (5X) (1L ml) |
|||
| AS18-AgriCtBlock-1L | Agrisera AB | 1L | EUR 750 |
Block 54 x 0.5mL - EACH |
|||
| MIX7204 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 508.95 |
Block 35 x 1.5mL - EACH |
|||
| MIX7208 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 508.95 |
Block 35 x 2.0mL - EACH |
|||
| MIX7210 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 508.95 |
Block, 30 x NMR tubes |
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| BSWNMR | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 294.27 |
Block 24 x 12mm - EACH |
|||
| MIX7212 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 714.15 |
After varying lengths of time, each of the adjuvants supports tolerance. Further studies of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants may advise shorter treatment periods than the current three-to-five-year regimens, enhancing patient adherence. Improved lead compounds from the adjuvant pipeline are under development and are explored for their capacity to fill this unmet need.