State-of-the-art in marketed adjuvants and formulations in Allergen Immunotherapy: a position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).

Since the introduction of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) over 100 years ago, focus has been on standardization of allergen extracts, with reliable molecular composition of allergens receiving the highest attention. While adjuvants play a major role in European AIT, they have been less well studied.

In this Position Paper we summarize current unmet needs of adjuvants in AIT citing current evidence. Four adjuvants are used in products marketed in Europe: aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is the most frequently used adjuvant, with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) used less frequently.

Recent studies on humans, and using mouse models, have characterized in part the mechanisms of action of adjuvants on pre-existing immune responses. AIT differs from prophylactic vaccines that provoke immunity to infectious agents, as in allergy the patient is pre-sensitized to the allergen.

The intended mode of action of adjuvants is to simultaneously enhance the immunogenicity of the allergen, while precipitating the allergen at the injection site to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis. Contrasting immune effects are seen with different adjuvants. Aluminium hydroxide initially boosts Th2 responses, while the other adjuvants utilised in AIT redirect the Th2 immune response toward Th1 immunity.

EZ Block
EZB500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 152.4

EZ Block
EZB999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 207.6

Super Block
AAA125	ScyTek Laboratories	125 ml	EUR 88.8

Super Block
AAA500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 121.2

Super Block
AAA999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 148.8

Heater block
WAT1026	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1365.6

Block 24x0.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital
BLO2204	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 147.6

Block 15x1.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital
BLO2206	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 147.6

Block 4x15ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital
BLO2210	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 184.8

Block 2x50ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital
BLO2212	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 184.8

Peroxide Block
ACA015	ScyTek Laboratories	15 ml	EUR 80.4

Peroxide Block
ACA125	ScyTek Laboratories	125 ea.	EUR 91.2

Peroxide Block
ACA500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 121.2

Peroxide Block
ACA999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 150

Block, PCR plate, For 1-block dry bath
BCM1412-BSWPCR1	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 435.84

Dry Block Heater 1 for a single block
BLO6014	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1396.8

Biotin Block Kit
B3810-002	GenDepot	30ml	EUR 262.8

Biotin Block Kit
B3810-005	GenDepot	120ml	EUR 489.6

Techne Dri Block
BLO1032	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1000.8

Block Wash Buffer
I044	Cygnus Technologies	1000 ml	EUR 632.4
Description: Block Wash Buffer by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Block, PCR plate, for 2 or 4-block dry bath
BCM1412-BSWPCR2	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 425.48

HiQTM Immuno Block
I3211-010	GenDepot	100ml	EUR 160.8

HiQTM Immuno Block
I3211-050	GenDepot	500ml	EUR 319.2

Mini Cooling Block
VS10ICB	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 51.6

Maxi Cooling Block
VS20ICB	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 85.2

Heater block cover
WAT1022	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 124.8

Eppendorf Tube Block
BLO5022	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 158.4

Microplate Thermal Block
SHA2086	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 912

Block 40x0.2ml or PCR Strips for Flowgen Mini Block Digital
BLO2202	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 172.8

Block 54 x 0.5mL
MIX7204	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 452.4

Block 35 x 1.5mL
MIX7208	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 452.4

Block 35 x 2.0mL
MIX7210	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 452.4

Block, 54 x 0.5ml
H5000-05	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 340.6

Block, 35 x 1.5ml
H5000-15	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 340.6

Block, 35 x 2.0ml
H5000-20	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 340.6

Block 24 x 12mm
MIX7212	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 634.8

Block 12 x 15mL
MIX7214	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 634.8

Block 6 x 50mL
MIX7216	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 634.8

Block, 24 x 12mm
H5000-12	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 479.8

Block, 12 x 15ml
H5000-150	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 479.8

Block, 6 x 50ml
H5000-500	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 479.8

Block for 20 x 10mm tubes for techne dri -block heaters
Z381438-1EA	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 197.15

HiQ Block for IHC
B3077-010	GenDepot	100ml	EUR 160.8

HiQ Block for IHC
B3077-050	GenDepot	500ml	EUR 315.6

Grant BTD Block Heater
BLO1252	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 931.2

WSC-2610　MyMini BLOCK
4002610	Atto	1unit	EUR 786
Description: Compact si zed heat bl ock i ncubat or

Grant QBH2 Block Heater
BLO1320	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1041.6

Jenway Heated Cell Block
COL3006	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 456

Techne Plain Block Insert
BLO2100	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.8

Flowgen Mini Block Digital
BLO2200	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 610.8

Block Heater Stuart SBH130
BLO5000	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 776.4

Block-Free ELISA Reagent
M4102-250	Biovision	each	EUR 542.4

Block-Free ELISA Reagent
M4102-50	Biovision	each	EUR 176.4

Block/Wash 20x Concentrate
F062	Cygnus Technologies	50 ml	EUR 234
Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Block/Wash 20x Concentrate
F062-100	Cygnus Technologies	100 ml	EUR 355.2
Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Block/Wash 20X Concentrate
F062-1000	Cygnus Technologies	1000 ml	EUR 493.2
Description: Block/Wash 20X Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Digital Block Heater Stuart
SBH130D	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 974.4

Cooling Block PCR WorkStation
LC4001	GenDepot	Ea	EUR 327.6

Thermoshaker with Block 24x1.5ml
SHA7961	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1810.8

Techne Block Plain Thermometer
BLO2120	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 478.8

Techne Block Plain Thermometer
BLO2122	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 169.2

Block, 30 x NMR tubes
BSWNMR	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 285.7

Block 30 x NMR tubes
BLO1286	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 378

Block For 72X0.2Ml Mc Tubes
BLO1092	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 340.8

Heating Block for Block Flowgen Mini Digital Dry Bath 15x1.5 or 2.0ml tubes
BLO2208	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 147.6

SQW Block PP 96 Positions
CHR3000	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK960	EUR 178.8

Block for one Micro Plate
MIX7220	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 630

Block for one Micro Plate
H5000-MP	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 479.8

DUAL BLOCK, 384 WELL PCR PLATE
480133	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 277.2
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

Grant Block Cover for QBD4
BLO1336	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 151.2

Ohaus Uni Block 12mm Vials
STI7246	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 342

Ohaus Uni Block 15mm vials
STI7248	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 342

Ohaus Uni Block 17mm Vials
STI7250	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 342

Ohaus Uni Block 21mm Vials
STI7252	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 342

Ohaus Uni Block 28mm Vials
STI7254	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 342

Grant Block QBT 24x0.5ml Tubes
BLO1134	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 24x1.5ml Tubes
BLO1136	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block 96Well with lid
BLO1324	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 458.4

Block Micro Titer Plate skirted/non f 2 or 4-block dry bath only
BLO1282	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 315.6

Grant Block QBT 5x24mm Tubes
BLO1132	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 24x2ml Tubes
BLO1138	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 4x50ml Tubes
BLO1139	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Techne Block For 20x1.5ml Tubes
BLO2130	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 168

Techne Block For 30x0.5ml Tubes
BLO2132	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 169.2

Deep Well Block 96 Positions
CHR3578	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 159.28

Block, 15 x1.5ml centrifuge tubes
BSH100-15	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 109.3

Block, 15 x1.5ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1405-B15	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 194.76

Grant Block QBT 24x10mm Tubes
BLO1124	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 24x12mm Tubes
BLO1126	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 12x13mm Tubes
BLO1127	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 12x16mm Tubes
BLO1128	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Grant Block QBT 12x18mm Tubes
BLO1130	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

Techne Block For 30x6mm Tubes
BLO2102	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 169.2

Techne Block For 8x19mm Tubes
BLO2114	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.8

Techne Block For 6x25mm Tubes
BLO2116	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 168

Techne Block For 6x24mm Tubes
BLO2126	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 168

Techne Block For 6x26mm Tubes
BLO2128	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.8

Block, for 8 cuvettes (12.5x12.5x32mm)
BSH100-CV	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 109.3

Block, for 8 cuvettes (12.5x12.5x32mm)
BCM1405-BCV	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 194.76

Block for 8 cuvettes (12.5x12.5x32mm)
BLO1242	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 147.6

Grant External Probe for Block
BLO1330	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 96

Techne Block For 20x10mm Tubes
BLO2104	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 169.2

Techne Block For 20x12mm Tubes
BLO2106	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.8

Techne Block For 20x13mm Tubes
BLO2108	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.8

Techne Block For 12x15mm Tubes
BLO2110	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 169.2

Techne Block For 12x16mm Tubes
BLO2112	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.8

Techne Block for 10mm Cuvettes
BLO2118	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 280.8

Block for 5mL centrifuge tubes
MIX7218	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 634.8

Block for 5ml centrifuge tubes
H5000-5MT	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 479.8

Digital dry block heater /cooler
BLO1094	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1893.6

Grant QBD1 Block Heater Digital
BLO1310	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 870

Grant QBD2 Block Heater Digital
BLO1312	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 955.2

Grant QBD4 Block Heater Digital
BLO1314	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1170

Elga Sanitisation by pass block
WAT4078	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 139.7

Solid Block (for slides / machining)
BSW01	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 144.7

Solid Block (for slides / machining)
BCM1412-BSW01	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 233.21

Block, 24x0.5ml, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-05	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 364

Block, 35x1.5ml, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-15	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 364

Ohaus Sectional Block 12mm Vials
STI7228	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 122.4

Ohaus Sectional Block 15mm vials
STI7230	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 122.4

Ohaus Sectional Block 17mm Vials
STI7232	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 122.4

Ohaus Sectional Block 21mm Vials
STI7234	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 122.4

Ohaus Sectional Block 28mm Vials
STI7236	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 122.4

Dri Block Heater 100c for 2 Blocks
BLO1034	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1710

Dry Block Heater 2 for two blocks
BLO6016	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1701.6

Block 1x96 Well PCR plate Single Block Unit Only for Flowgen Digital Dry Bath
BLO2274	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 432

Dry Block Heater 4 for four blocks
BLO6020	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 2408.4

Peroxide Block for Image Analysis
ADA015	ScyTek Laboratories	15 ml	EUR 85.2

Peroxide Block for Image Analysis
ADA500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 152.4

Peroxide Block for Image Analysis
ADA999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 188.4

Block, 8x15ml, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-150	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 415

Block, 35x2ml, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-20	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 364

Block, 4x50ml, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-500	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 415

Thermal Shaker Heat without block
SHA2058	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 2754

Dry Block Heater 3 for three blocks
BLO6018	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1995.6

Block For 30 X 0.5mL Tubes
SHA2094	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 693.6

Block For 24 X 1.5mL Tubes
SHA2096	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 648

Block For 24 X 2.0mL Tubes
SHA2098	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 693.6

Flat Block (108x72mm), accessory for DryBlock?
IPDB-Block-G	ACTGene	each	EUR 379.2

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
AV-2060-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 g	EUR 196.8

Block, microplate, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-MP	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 364

SINGLE BLOCK, 35 X 6MM TUBES
480120	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 136.8
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

Block For 80 0.2ml Strip Tubes
BLO5027	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 200.4

Block For 96 0.2ml Strip Tubes
BLO5029	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 520.8

Block 1x96 Well PCR Plate For Double Block Unit Only for Flowgen Digital Dry Bath
BLO2272	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 417.6

Electrothermal RS600 STEM reaction block
HEA5500	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 10021.2

SINGLE BLOCK, 20 X 12MM TUBES
480122	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 129.6
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

SINGLE BLOCK, 20 X 13MM TUBES
480123	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 129.6
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

SINGLE BLOCK, 6 X 20MM TUBES
480127	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 129.6
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

SINGLE BLOCK, 6 X 25MM TUBES
480128	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 129.6
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

Block For 24 X 2.0mL Cryotubes
SHA2106	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 693.6

Electrothermal RS1000 STEM reaction block
HEA5504	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 5482.8

Grant Block QBT 56x0 2ml Tubes
BLO1133	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 138

CSalt Screen HT-96 block (1ml)
MD1-141	MiTeGen	1ml ml	EUR 230
Description: CSalt Screen HT-96 block (1ml)

Solid Block. 1.25in/32mm in height
BSH100-01	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 109.3

Solid Block. 1.25in/32mm in height
BLO1244	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 147.6

Ohaus Uni Block 12mm Test Tubes
STI7256	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 385.2

Ohaus Uni Block 16mm Test Tubes
STI7258	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 385.2

Ohaus Uni Block 20mm Test Tubes
STI7260	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 385.2

Ohaus Uni Block 25mm Test Tubes
STI7262	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 385.2

Block, PCR plate 96 x 0.2ml, skirted or non-skirted For 1-block dry bath only
BSWPCR1	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 326

Block, 24 x 0.5ml centrifuge tubes
BSH100-05	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 109.3

Block, 24 x 0.5ml centrifuge tubes
BSW05	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 144.7

Block, 24 x 0.5ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1405-B05	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 194.76

Block, 24 x 0.5ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1412-BSW05	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 233.21

Grant Block 0.2ml tubes and strips
BLO1326	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 321.6

Analogue Dri Block Heater DB-3
BLO2006	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1278.18

384 Well PCR Plate Thermal Block
SHA2088	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 860.4

0.2mL PCR Plate/Tube Thermal Block
SHA2092	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 860.4

DIGITAL DRY BATH HEATER, DUAL BLOCK,120V
6885-DB	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 483.6
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

DIGITAL DRY BATH HEATER, FOUR BLOCK,120V
6895-FB	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 696
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

Block, 4 x 15ml centrifuge tubes
BSH100-150	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 138.6

Block, 2 x 50ml centrifuge tubes
BSH100-500	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 138.6

Block, 12 x 15ml centrifuge tubes
BSW15	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 144.7

Block, 5 x 50ml centrifuge tubes
BSW50	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 144.7

Block, 4 x 15ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1405-B150	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 227.29

Block, 2 x 50ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1405-B500	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 227.29

Block, 12 x 15ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1412-BSW15	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 233.21

Block, 5 x 50ml centrifuge tubes
BCM1412-BSW50	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 233.21

Grant Block Plain for QBT Heaters
BLO1122	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 102

Square Well Block w Inserts Seal
CHR3584	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 195.6

Myblock Mini Dry Bath Block Holds
Z680052-1EA	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 106.68

Block, Micro Titer Plate, skirted or non-skirted For 2 or 4-block dry bath only
BSWMT	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 238.1

Block, Micro Titer Plate, skirted or non-skirted For 2 or 4-block dry bath only
BCM1412-BSWMT	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 338.22

DIGITAL DRY BATH HEATER, SINGLE BLOCK,120V
6875-SB	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 414
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

Block, 384 well plate, for MultiTherm Touch
H5100-384	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	EUR 623

Hach LT200 Dry Thermostat 1 Block
WAT3659	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1783.2

Hach LT200 Dry Thermostat 2 block
WAT3661	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 3054

After varying lengths of time, each of the adjuvants supports tolerance. Further studies of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants may advise shorter treatment periods than the current three-to-five-year regimens, enhancing patient adherence. Improved lead compounds from the adjuvant pipeline are under development and are explored for their capacity to fill this unmet need.