State-of-the-art in marketed adjuvants and formulations in Allergen Immunotherapy: a position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).

Since the introduction of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) over 100 years ago, focus has been on standardization of allergen extracts, with reliable molecular composition of allergens receiving the highest attention. While adjuvants play a major role in European AIT, they have been less well studied.

In this Position Paper we summarize current unmet needs of adjuvants in AIT citing current evidence. Four adjuvants are used in products marketed in Europe: aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is the most frequently used adjuvant, with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) used less frequently.

Recent studies on humans, and using mouse models, have characterized in part the mechanisms of action of adjuvants on pre-existing immune responses. AIT differs from prophylactic vaccines that provoke immunity to infectious agents, as in allergy the patient is pre-sensitized to the allergen.

The intended mode of action of adjuvants is to simultaneously enhance the immunogenicity of the allergen, while precipitating the allergen at the injection site to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis. Contrasting immune effects are seen with different adjuvants. Aluminium hydroxide initially boosts Th2 responses, while the other adjuvants utilised in AIT redirect the Th2 immune response toward Th1 immunity.

InVivoMAb Human AS Fc Block (Iv0017)
MBS1570042-01mg	MyBiosource	0.1mg	EUR 295

InVivoMAb Human AS Fc Block (Iv0017)
MBS1570042-5x01mg	MyBiosource	5x0.1mg	EUR 1045

Block 16mm For Block Heater - EACH
BLO5016	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 179.55

EZ Block
EZB125	ScyTek Laboratories	125 ml	EUR 34.71

EZ Block
EZB500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 61.72

EZ Block
EZB999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 98.99

BLOCK ACE
MBS238969-20x4g	MyBiosource	20x4g	EUR 585

TRU Block
MBS316734-100mg	MyBiosource	100mg	EUR 560

TRU Block
MBS316734-5x100mg	MyBiosource	5x100mg	EUR 2350

Soft Block
24616-1	Polysciences Europe GmbH	1gal	EUR 156.6
Description: 7732-18-5

Soft Block
24616-120	Polysciences Europe GmbH	120ml	EUR 38.88

Soft Block
24616-500	Polysciences Europe GmbH	500ml	EUR 70.2
Description: 7732-18-5

Super Block
AAA125	ScyTek Laboratories	125 ml	EUR 19.28

Super Block
AAA500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 41.14

Super Block
AAA999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 59.14

Peroxide Block
ACA015	ScyTek Laboratories	15 ml	EUR 13.27

Peroxide Block
ACA125	ScyTek Laboratories	125 ea.	EUR 20.58

Peroxide Block
ACA500	ScyTek Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 41.14

Peroxide Block
ACA999	ScyTek Laboratories	1000 ml	EUR 60.43

Block, PCR plate, For 1-block dry bath
BCM1412-BSWPCR1	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 435.84

Block 24x0.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital - EACH
BLO2204	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.05

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BLO2206	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 166.05

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Biometra TAdvanced Block Module 96 S Silver Block
AJ846-070-271	Westburg	each	EUR 4512.6

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ELISA BSA BLOCK
MBS238280-100mL	MyBiosource	100mL	EUR 220

ELISA BSA BLOCK
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ELISA BSA BLOCK
MBS238281-500mL	MyBiosource	500mL	EUR 415

ELISA BSA BLOCK
MBS238281-5x500mL	MyBiosource	5x500mL	EUR 1680

ELISA BSA BLOCK
MBS238282-1L	MyBiosource	1L	EUR 660

ELISA BSA BLOCK
MBS238282-5x1L	MyBiosource	5x1L	EUR 2850

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BCM1412-BSWPCR2	Bio Basic	1 pcs, 1 UNIT	EUR 425.48

Biometra TAdvanced Block Module 96 S Gradient Silver Block
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Biotin Block Kit
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Biotin Block Kit
B3810-005	GenDepot	120ml	EUR 489.6

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BLOCK ACE Reagent
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I044	Cygnus Technologies	1000 ml	EUR 632.4
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I3211-050	GenDepot	500ml	EUR 319.2

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TBS5013	Tribioscience	100 ml	EUR 60

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15 x 2.0mL block
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Block, 54 x 0.5ml
H5000-05	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 350.82

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H5000-15	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 350.82

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H5000-20	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 350.82

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54 x 0.5mL block
PDBI-CL-96-B	Avans Biotechnology Corp	each	EUR 190

35 x 1.5mL block
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H5000-12	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 494.19

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Purified Mouse Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse AS Fc Block)(2.4G2)
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24900-250	Polysciences Europe GmbH	250g	EUR 66.96
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F062-1000	Cygnus Technologies	1000 ml	EUR 493.2
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24903-250	Polysciences Europe GmbH	250g	EUR 62.64
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Description: 7732-18-5

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Paraffin Block Mailer/Holder
25340-25	Polysciences Europe GmbH	1pack	EUR 71.28

Paraffin Block Mailer/Holder
25340-50	Polysciences Europe GmbH	1pack	EUR 126.36

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Coating Stabilizer & Block Buf
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LC4001	GenDepot	Ea	EUR 327.6

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SHA2086	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 1026

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BLO2122	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 148.05

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TSB-50	Phoenix instrument	each	EUR 299

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MICV-0615	Avans Biotechnology Corp	each	EUR 80

block, 6 x ɸ 16mm
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AgriCoat-Block | Non mammalian Protein Coat Block (5X) (10 ml)
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MIX7204	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 508.95

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BSWNMR	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 294.27

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AC-60-B	Avans Biotechnology Corp	each	EUR 2400

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ENO block(AP-III-a4)
MBS130092-100mg	MyBiosource	100mg	EUR 1065

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BSW1232	Benchmark Scientific	each	EUR 149.04

Block for one Micro Plate
H5000-MP	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	EUR 494.19

DUAL BLOCK, 384 WELL PCR PLATE
480133	CORNING	1/pk	EUR 277.2
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment

HEL FFPE Cell Pellet Block
LeFFPE-CP016	Creative Bioarray	1 Block	Ask for price
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HELA FFPE Cell Pellet Block
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After varying lengths of time, each of the adjuvants supports tolerance. Further studies of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants may advise shorter treatment periods than the current three-to-five-year regimens, enhancing patient adherence. Improved lead compounds from the adjuvant pipeline are under development and are explored for their capacity to fill this unmet need.