Since the introduction of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) over 100 years ago, focus has been on standardization of allergen extracts, with reliable molecular composition of allergens receiving the highest attention. While adjuvants play a major role in European AIT, they have been less well studied.
In this Position Paper we summarize current unmet needs of adjuvants in AIT citing current evidence. Four adjuvants are used in products marketed in Europe: aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is the most frequently used adjuvant, with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) used less frequently.
Recent studies on humans, and using mouse models, have characterized in part the mechanisms of action of adjuvants on pre-existing immune responses. AIT differs from prophylactic vaccines that provoke immunity to infectious agents, as in allergy the patient is pre-sensitized to the allergen.
The intended mode of action of adjuvants is to simultaneously enhance the immunogenicity of the allergen, while precipitating the allergen at the injection site to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis. Contrasting immune effects are seen with different adjuvants. Aluminium hydroxide initially boosts Th2 responses, while the other adjuvants utilised in AIT redirect the Th2 immune response toward Th1 immunity.
EZ Block |
|||
| EZB500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 152.4 |
EZ Block |
|||
| EZB999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 207.6 |
Block 24x0.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital |
|||
| BLO2204 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 147.6 |
Block 15x1.5ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital |
|||
| BLO2206 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 147.6 |
Block 4x15ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital |
|||
| BLO2210 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 184.8 |
Block 2x50ml for Flowgen Mini Block Digital |
|||
| BLO2212 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 184.8 |
Soft Block |
|||
| 24616-1 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1gal | EUR 145 |
|
Description: 7732-18-5 |
|||
Soft Block |
|||
| 24616-120 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 120ml | EUR 34 |
Soft Block |
|||
| 24616-500 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 500ml | EUR 63 |
|
Description: 7732-18-5 |
|||
Super Block |
|||
| AAA125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 88.8 |
Super Block |
|||
| AAA500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 121.2 |
Super Block |
|||
| AAA999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 148.8 |
Heater block |
|||
| WAT1026 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1365.6 |
Block, PCR plate, For 1-block dry bath |
|||
| BCM1412-BSWPCR1 | Bio Basic | 1 pcs, 1 UNIT | EUR 435.84 |
Dry Block Heater 1 for a single block |
|||
| BLO6014 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1396.8 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
| ACA015 | ScyTek Laboratories | 15 ml | EUR 80.4 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
| ACA125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ea. | EUR 91.2 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
| ACA500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 121.2 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
| ACA999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 150 |
Block, PCR plate, for 2 or 4-block dry bath |
|||
| BCM1412-BSWPCR2 | Bio Basic | 1 pcs, 1 UNIT | EUR 425.48 |
Biotin Block Kit |
|||
| B3810-002 | GenDepot | 30ml | EUR 262.8 |
Biotin Block Kit |
|||
| B3810-005 | GenDepot | 120ml | EUR 489.6 |
Techne Dri Block |
|||
| BLO1032 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1000.8 |
Eye Tissue block |
|||
| 8 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Block Wash Buffer |
|||
| I044 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 632.4 |
|
Description: Block Wash Buffer by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
|||
lung Tissue block |
|||
| 13 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
skin Tissue block |
|||
| 21 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
neck Tissue block |
|||
| 38 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
HiQTM Immuno Block |
|||
| I3211-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 160.8 |
HiQTM Immuno Block |
|||
| I3211-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 319.2 |
Mini Cooling Block |
|||
| VS10ICB | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 51.6 |
Maxi Cooling Block |
|||
| VS20ICB | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 85.2 |
Heater block cover |
|||
| WAT1022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 124.8 |
heart Tissue block |
|||
| 10 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
liver Tissue block |
|||
| 12 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
ovary Tissue block |
|||
| 15 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
brain Tissue block |
|||
| 6 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
colon Tissue block |
|||
| 7 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
kidney Tissue block |
|||
| 11 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
spleen Tissue block |
|||
| 23 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
testis Tissue block |
|||
| 25 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
Thymus Tissue block |
|||
| 26 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
ureter Tissue block |
|||
| 28 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
Uterus Tissue block |
|||
| 29 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
marrow Tissue block |
|||
| 3 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
tonsil Tissue block |
|||
| 35 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Breast Tissue block |
|||
| 4 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
Eppendorf Tube Block |
|||
| BLO5022 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 158.4 |
bladder Tissue block |
|||
| 2 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
thyroid Tissue block |
|||
| 27 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Stomach Tissue block |
|||
| 30 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
Tonsils Tissue block |
|||
| 72 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
oviduct Tissue block |
|||
| 9 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
pancreas Tissue block |
|||
| 16 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
placenta Tissue block |
|||
| 19 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 525 |
prostate Tissue block |
|||
| 20 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 575 |
Block 40x0.2ml or PCR Strips for Flowgen Mini Block Digital |
|||
| BLO2202 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 172.8 |
Universal Block Buffer |
|||
| TBS5013 | Tribioscience | 100 ml | EUR 60 |
pituitary Tissue block |
|||
| 18 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
cerebellum Tissue block |
|||
| 5 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
Microplate Thermal Block |
|||
| SHA2086 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 912 |
Endometrial Tissue block |
|||
| 74 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
Osteosarcoma Tissue block |
|||
| 39 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
glioblastoma Tissue block |
|||
| 93 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 425 |
Neuroblastoma Tissue block |
|||
| 103 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 425 |
Block for 20 x 10mm tubes for techne dri -block heaters |
|||
| Z381438-1EA | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 197.15 |
Block 54 x 0.5mL |
|||
| MIX7204 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 452.4 |
Block 35 x 1.5mL |
|||
| MIX7208 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 452.4 |
Block 35 x 2.0mL |
|||
| MIX7210 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 452.4 |
Block, 54 x 0.5ml |
|||
| H5000-05 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 340.6 |
Block, 35 x 1.5ml |
|||
| H5000-15 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 340.6 |
Block, 35 x 2.0ml |
|||
| H5000-20 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 340.6 |
24 x 0.5mL block |
|||
| CDBI-24-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
15 x 1.5mL block |
|||
| CDBI-24-C1 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
15 x 2.0mL block |
|||
| CDBI-24-C2 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
24 x 0.2mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-A | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
12 x 0.5mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
6 x 1.5mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-C | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
6 x 2.0mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-D | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
96 x 0.2mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-E | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 200 |
96 x 0.2mL block |
|||
| PDBI-CL-96-A | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 220 |
54 x 0.5mL block |
|||
| PDBI-CL-96-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 190 |
35 x 1.5mL block |
|||
| PDBI-CL-96-C | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 190 |
35 x 2.0mL block |
|||
| PDBI-CL-96-D | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 190 |
Block 24 x 12mm |
|||
| MIX7212 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 634.8 |
Block 12 x 15mL |
|||
| MIX7214 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 634.8 |
Block 6 x 50mL |
|||
| MIX7216 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 634.8 |
Block, 24 x 12mm |
|||
| H5000-12 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 479.8 |
Block, 12 x 15ml |
|||
| H5000-150 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 479.8 |
Block, 6 x 50ml |
|||
| H5000-500 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 479.8 |
Block, 6 x 50ml |
|||
| BCTM-96-500 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 230 |
6 x 15mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-F | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 130 |
3 x 50mL block |
|||
| DDBI-CL-96-G | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 130 |
Cholangiocarcinoma Tissue block |
|||
| 41 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
HiQ Block for IHC |
|||
| B3077-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 160.8 |
HiQ Block for IHC |
|||
| B3077-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 315.6 |
Grant BTD Block Heater |
|||
| BLO1252 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 931.2 |
Blood vessel Tissue block |
|||
| 32 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
WSC-2610　MyMini BLOCK |
|||
| 4002610 | Atto | 1unit | EUR 786 |
|
Description: Compact si zed heat bl ock i ncubat or |
|||
Grant QBH2 Block Heater |
|||
| BLO1320 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1041.6 |
Jenway Heated Cell Block |
|||
| COL3006 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 456 |
Lymph nodes Tissue block |
|||
| 14 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
spinal cord Tissue block |
|||
| 22 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Lung cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 53 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Skin Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 62 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Lung cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 63 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 485 |
Oral cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 64 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Lung cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 66 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Techne Plain Block Insert |
|||
| BLO2100 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 166.8 |
Deli-Cal Block Solution |
|||
| 24900-250 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 250g | EUR 60 |
|
Description: 7732-18-5 |
|||
Deli-Cal Block Solution |
|||
| 24900-500 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 500g | EUR 110 |
|
Description: 7732-18-5 |
|||
Colon Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 40 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Normal colon Tissue block |
|||
| 88 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 365 |
Flowgen Mini Block Digital |
|||
| BLO2200 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 610.8 |
Block Heater Stuart SBH130 |
|||
| BLO5000 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 776.4 |
Block/Wash 20x Concentrate |
|||
| F062 | Cygnus Technologies | 50 ml | EUR 234 |
|
Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
|||
Block/Wash 20x Concentrate |
|||
| F062-100 | Cygnus Technologies | 100 ml | EUR 355.2 |
|
Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
|||
Block/Wash 20X Concentrate |
|||
| F062-1000 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 493.2 |
|
Description: Block/Wash 20X Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
|||
Block-Free ELISA Reagent |
|||
| M4102-250 | Biovision | each | EUR 542.4 |
Block-Free ELISA Reagent |
|||
| M4102-50 | Biovision | each | EUR 176.4 |
Adrenal gland Tissue block |
|||
| 1 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
parotid gland Tissue block |
|||
| 34 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 725 |
Thymic cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 44 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Kidney cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 75 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
Thymic cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 82 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 330 |
Normal breast Tissue block |
|||
| 89 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 365 |
breast cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 92 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 535 |
OAMA04082-100MG - TRU Block |
|||
| OAMA04082-100MG | Aviva Systems Biology | 0.1g | EUR 499 |
Digital Block Heater Stuart |
|||
| SBH130D | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 974.4 |
De-Calcify Block Solution |
|||
| 24903-250 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 250g | EUR 56 |
|
Description: 7732-18-5 |
|||
De-Calcify Block Solution |
|||
| 24903-500 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 500g | EUR 105 |
|
Description: 7732-18-5 |
|||
ovarian cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 101 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 625 |
Ovarian Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 42 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Thyroid cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 45 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Stomach Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 47 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostate Cance Tissue block |
|||
| 67 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
Ovarian Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 71 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 415 |
Normal stomach Tissue block |
|||
| 84 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 400 |
Paraffin Block Mailer/Holder |
|||
| 25340-25 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1pack | EUR 64 |
Paraffin Block Mailer/Holder |
|||
| 25340-50 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1pack | EUR 114 |
striated muscle Tissue block |
|||
| 24 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
small intestine Tissue block |
|||
| 31 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 435 |
Cervical Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 46 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostate Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 56 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostate cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 73 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 465 |
prostate tissue Tissue block |
|||
| 95 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
prostate cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 97 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 625 |
Cooling Block PCR WorkStation |
|||
| LC4001 | GenDepot | Ea | EUR 327.6 |
Thermoshaker with Block 24x1.5ml |
|||
| SHA7961 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 1810.8 |
Microscope Slide Holder Block |
|||
| 24764-1 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 1each | EUR 148 |
Autopsy pancreas Tissue block |
|||
| 79 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
Techne Block Plain Thermometer |
|||
| BLO2120 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 478.8 |
Techne Block Plain Thermometer |
|||
| BLO2122 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 169.2 |
parathyroid gland Tissue block |
|||
| 17 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 725 |
peripheral nerves Tissue block |
|||
| 33 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 725 |
aortic epithelium Tissue block |
|||
| 36 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Pancreatic Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 43 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Testicular Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 61 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Pancreatic cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 68 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 475 |
Colorectal Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 69 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Pancreatic Cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 80 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 315 |
block, 6 x ɸ 15mm |
|||
| MICV-0615 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
block, 6 x ɸ 16mm |
|||
| MICV-0616 | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 80 |
venous endothelium Tissue block |
|||
| 37 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 635 |
Endometrial cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 70 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Normal gallbladder Tissue block |
|||
| 83 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 400 |
Breast fibroadenoma Tissue block |
|||
| 59 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
Cerebellar paraffin Tissue block |
|||
| 87 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 425 |
breast fibroadenoma Tissue block |
|||
| 98 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 625 |
Urothelial carcinoma Tissue block |
|||
| 65 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Block 30 x NMR tubes |
|||
| BLO1286 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 378 |
Block, 30 x NMR tubes |
|||
| BSWNMR | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 285.7 |
Heating Block for Block Flowgen Mini Digital Dry Bath 15x1.5 or 2.0ml tubes |
|||
| BLO2208 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 147.6 |
hypopharyngeal cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 104 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 695 |
Nasopharyngeal cancer Tissue block |
|||
| 49 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Prostatic hyperplasia Tissue block |
|||
| 58 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 500 |
single 60 x 0.5mL block |
|||
| AC-60-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 2400 |
single 96 x 0.2mL block |
|||
| AC-96-B | Avans Biotechnology Corp | each | EUR 2200 |
DUAL BLOCK, 384 WELL PCR PLATE |
|||
| 480133 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 277.2 |
|
Description: Lab Equipment; Constant Temperature Equipment |
|||
Block For 72X0.2Ml Mc Tubes |
|||
| BLO1092 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 340.8 |
Block Micro Titer Plate skirted/non f 2 or 4-block dry bath only |
|||
| BLO1282 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 315.6 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma Tissue block |
|||
| 77 | BioCoreUSA | 1 unit | EUR 400 |
SQW Block PP 96 Positions |
|||
| CHR3000 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK960 | EUR 178.8 |
Block for one Micro Plate |
|||
| MIX7220 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 630 |
Block for one Micro Plate |
|||
| H5000-MP | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 479.8 |
Block, 20 x HPLC/ CryoVial |
|||
| BSW1232 | Benchmark Scientific | each | EUR 149.04 |
Grant Block Cover for QBD4 |
|||
| BLO1336 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 151.2 |
Ohaus Uni Block 12mm Vials |
|||
| STI7246 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 342 |
After varying lengths of time, each of the adjuvants supports tolerance. Further studies of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants may advise shorter treatment periods than the current three-to-five-year regimens, enhancing patient adherence. Improved lead compounds from the adjuvant pipeline are under development and are explored for their capacity to fill this unmet need.