Since the introduction of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) over 100 years ago, focus has been on standardization of allergen extracts, with reliable molecular composition of allergens receiving the highest attention. While adjuvants play a major role in European AIT, they have been less well studied.
In this Position Paper we summarize current unmet needs of adjuvants in AIT citing current evidence. Four adjuvants are used in products marketed in Europe: aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is the most frequently used adjuvant, with microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) used less frequently.
Recent studies on humans, and using mouse models, have characterized in part the mechanisms of action of adjuvants on pre-existing immune responses. AIT differs from prophylactic vaccines that provoke immunity to infectious agents, as in allergy the patient is pre-sensitized to the allergen.
The intended mode of action of adjuvants is to simultaneously enhance the immunogenicity of the allergen, while precipitating the allergen at the injection site to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis. Contrasting immune effects are seen with different adjuvants. Aluminium hydroxide initially boosts Th2 responses, while the other adjuvants utilised in AIT redirect the Th2 immune response toward Th1 immunity.
Horse IgG-Fc ELISA Kit, 96 tests, Quantitative |
|||
7715-Fc | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 kit | EUR 712 |
Dog IgG (Fc) fragment (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20016-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 250 |
Human IgG (Fc) fragment, purified |
|||
20007-1-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 208 |
Mouse IgG (Fc) fragment, purified |
|||
20008-1-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 250 |
Rabbit IgG (Fc) fragment, purified |
|||
20009-1-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 250 |
Goat IgG (Fc) fragment, purified |
|||
20011-1-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 250 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-02 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 137.21 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-05 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 146.78 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-1213 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 137.21 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-1232 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 137.21 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-15 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 137.21 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-150 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 156.35 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-1520 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 137.21 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-15HL | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 156.35 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-500 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 104.15 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-5MT | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 156.35 |
Block |
|||
BSH100-CV | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 137.21 |
Block |
|||
BSW02 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW05 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW10 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW13 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW15 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW1500 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW1516 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 183.03 |
Block |
|||
BSW1520 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW50 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSW5MT | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 151.93 |
Block |
|||
BSWHEM | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 237.26 |
Block |
|||
BSWMT | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 194.99 |
Block |
|||
BSWNMR | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 481.73 |
Block |
|||
BSWPCR1 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 255.6 |
Block |
|||
BSWPCR2 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 208.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-02 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 290.33 |
Block |
|||
H5000-025 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 591.35 |
Block |
|||
H5000-05 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 290.33 |
Block |
|||
H5000-12 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 382.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-1232 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 382.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-15 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 290.33 |
Block |
|||
H5000-150 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 382.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-20 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 382.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-500 | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 382.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-CMB | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 290.33 |
Block |
|||
H5000-CU | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 382.55 |
Block |
|||
H5000-WB | Benchmark Scientific | 1 PC | EUR 4288.85 |
Rat IgG (Fc) fragment, purified (isotype control) |
|||
20005-1-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 250 |
Goat IgG (fc)-Biotin conjugate (isotype control) |
|||
20011-Fc-B | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 164 |
Goat IgG (fc)-FITC conjugate (isotype control) |
|||
20011-Fc-F | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 164 |
Goat IgG (fc)-HRP conjugate (isotype control) |
|||
20011-Fc-HP | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 164 |
Dog IgG (Fc) fragment (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20016-3-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.5 mg | EUR 250 |
Dog IgG Fc-Biotin Conjugate (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20016-FC-B | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 225 |
Dog IgG Fc-FITC Conjugate (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20016-FC-F | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 225 |
Dog IgG Fc-HRP Conjugate (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20016-FC-HP | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 225 |
EZ Block |
|||
EZB125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 93 |
EZ Block |
|||
EZB500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 127 |
EZ Block |
|||
EZB999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 173 |
Pro-Block |
|||
PBK-20000 | ScyTek Laboratories | 20 L | EUR 1210 |
Pro-Block |
|||
PBK010 | ScyTek Laboratories | 10 L | EUR 676 |
Pro-Block |
|||
PBK125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 74 |
Pro-Block |
|||
PBK500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 101 |
Pro-Block |
|||
PBK999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 124 |
Super Block |
|||
AAA125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 74 |
Super Block |
|||
AAA500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 101 |
Super Block |
|||
AAA999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 124 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
ACA015 | ScyTek Laboratories | 15 ml | EUR 67 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
ACA125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ea. | EUR 76 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
ACA500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 101 |
Peroxide Block |
|||
ACA999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 125 |
Recombinant (HEK) Human IgG3-Fc (99-377aa, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20007-G3-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Rat IgG (Fc)-Biotin Conjuagte (isotype control), purified |
|||
20005-1-FC-B | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 225 |
Rat IgG (Fc)-FITC Conjuagte (isotype control), purified |
|||
20005-1-FC-F | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 225 |
Rat IgG (Fc)-HRP Conjuagte (isotype control), purified |
|||
20005-1-FC-HP | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 225 |
Human IgG (Fc) fragment, purified (>95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20007-1-FC-LE | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ul | EUR 225 |
Recombinant (HEK) Human IgG1 Fc (103Cys/Ser, 99-330aa, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20007-G1-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Recombinant (HEK) Human IgG2-Fc (257Ser/Ala, 99-327aa, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20007-G2-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Recombinant (HEK) Human IgG4-Fc (108Ser/Pro, 99-327aa, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20007-G4-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Recombinant (HEK) Mouse IgG2a-Fc (98-330aa, ~34 kda, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20102-102-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Recombinant (HEK) Mouse IgG2b-Fc (97-335aa, ~37 kda, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20102-103-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Recombinant (HEK) Mouse IgG3-Fc (97-329aa, ~33 kda, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20102-104-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 286 |
Recombinant Human CD47 Protein, His-Fc (IgG), Insect-10ug |
|||
QP11336-HIS-Fc-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 201 |
Block, PCR plate, For 1-block dry bath |
|||
BCM1412-BSWPCR1 | Bio Basic | 1 pcs, 1 UNIT | EUR 363.2 |
Block Wash Buffer |
|||
I044 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 527 |
Description: Block Wash Buffer by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
HiQTM Immuno Block |
|||
I3211-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 134 |
HiQTM Immuno Block |
|||
I3211-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 266 |
Biotin Block Kit |
|||
B3810-002 | GenDepot | 30ml | EUR 219 |
Biotin Block Kit |
|||
B3810-005 | GenDepot | 120ml | EUR 408 |
Recombinant (HEK) Mouse IgG1-Fc (98-321aa, 102Cys/Ser, ~32 kda, His-tag, >95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20102-101-FC | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 | EUR 286 |
Human IgG Fc-Biotin conjugate (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20007-1-Fc-B | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 164 |
Human IgG Fc-FITC conjugate (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20007-1-Fc-F | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 164 |
Human IgG Fc-HRP conjugate (isotype control, non-immune), purified |
|||
20007-1-Fc-HP | Alpha Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 164 |
Human IgG (Fc) fragment-Biotin purified (>95%, low endotoxin) |
|||
20007-1-FC-LE-B | Alpha Diagnostics | 25 ug | EUR 286 |
Block, PCR plate, for 2 or 4-block dry bath |
|||
BCM1412-BSWPCR2 | Bio Basic | 1 pcs, 1 UNIT | EUR 354.57 |
Block/Wash 20x Concentrate |
|||
F062 | Cygnus Technologies | 50 ml | EUR 195 |
Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
Block/Wash 20x Concentrate |
|||
F062-100 | Cygnus Technologies | 100 ml | EUR 296 |
Description: Block/Wash 20x Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
Block/Wash 20X Concentrate |
|||
F062-1000 | Cygnus Technologies | 1000 ml | EUR 411 |
Description: Block/Wash 20X Concentrate by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur. |
Cooling Block PCR WorkStation |
|||
LC4001 | GenDepot | Ea | EUR 273 |
HiQ Block for IHC |
|||
B3077-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 134 |
HiQ Block for IHC |
|||
B3077-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 263 |
WSC-2610 MyMini BLOCK |
|||
4002610 | Atto | 1unit | EUR 655 |
Description: Compact si zed heat bl ock i ncubat or |
After varying lengths of time, each of the adjuvants supports tolerance. Further studies of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants may advise shorter treatment periods than the current three-to-five-year regimens, enhancing patient adherence. Improved lead compounds from the adjuvant pipeline are under development and are explored for their capacity to fill this unmet need.